NDM 20

Paperchase apologises for Daily Mail promotion after online backlash

https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/nov/20/paperchase-apologises-for-daily-mail-promotion-after-online-backlash

- The Guardian

Paperchase has said it will not run any more marketing campaigns with the Daily Mail after an online backlash over an offer on the newspaper’s front page. The stationery chain received hundreds of complaints on social media over the weekend over its promotion in Saturday’s Daily Mail offering readers free wrapping paper.

Again using my recent knowledge, From a pluralist perspective this could be argued for it. As this shows how audiences have a lot to contribute to what it published by the larger organisations and this is clearly shown in the tweets below. The fact that Paperchase then tweeted that 'we've listened to you'. Shows that they take into consideration of what the audience wants and what they think.

NDM 19

Sayeeda Warsi accuses UK press of hate speech and Islamophobia

https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/nov/14/sayeeda-warsi-accuses-uk-press-of-hate-speech-and-islamophobia

- The Guardian

Sayeeda Warsi believes that various newspapers are spreading hate speech and Islamaphobia, She gave examples from the Daily Express, the Daily Mail, the Sun and the Times in her speech. She has been campaigning, giving her fifth annual Leveson lecture at an event hosted by the Hacked Off campaign, which wants greater regulation of the press.

• “In sections of our press, it is relentless and deliberate. Steadily and methodically using paper inches and columns to create, feed and ratchet up suspicions and hostilities in our society, driving communities apart and creating untold – and unnecessary – fear and distress."
• Hate speech in the press has become a plague, an epidemic. Ways of expression that I thought we had left behind with Enoch Powell in the 1960s are now the new normal.
• a front page headline from the Sun in 2015 – “1 in 5 Brit Muslims’ sympathy for jihadis” – as “shocking” and “encouraging a false and derogatory idea”.
• And this drip-drip approach has created a toxic environment where hate crime is the highest it has been since records began.”

In relation to what we have been learning recently with Marxist and Puluralist approach. You could argue that this strongly supports the view that the more powerful companies have a way of manipulating audience in the sense that they are technically a passive audience that take in information and that they accept what they are shown. The fact that she uses 'drip-drip approach' emphasises this point. However, The fact that she is able to express this view and that she is given a platform to do this can be argues to be more pluralist and that audience are having more of a less passive approach and influence on larger organisations. This is highlighted by the fact that News UK, the publisher of the Sun and the Times, declined to comment.

NDM News: Marxism & Pluralism - Alain de Botton on the news

Answer the following questions on your blog:

1) To what extent do you agree with Alain de Botton's views on the News?
- I agree to an extent that news has broken down in the sense that the hierarchy of the importance of the type of news has shifted dramatically. The fact that news is being shaped so that it appeals more to the audience instead of what may be important for the audience to know, since it more targeted about what the audience what to read. Through gatekeeping we see that news industries restrain information and select what news they publish, which highlight the hegemonic idea that the elite are controlling what we see and what we are getting access to.

 2) How can you link Marxism and Hegemony to de Botton's criticisms of the News?
- He states that we as an audience are passive consumers of the news which is exactly what Marxism and hegemony believes in. The idea that news is there to create mass audiences and that news is dumbed down in order to do that. An example of this he shows in his presentation is the New York Post's headline 'Osama Bin Wankin'. Which is an example of dumbing down news in order to generate mass audiences. Marxism argues that we are manipulated by the elite, he mentions that there two ways that news does this and this is by either stopping all news just like in North Korea or flooding us with news that makes us confused and also unable to keep up in a way that we forget what information that we have received.




3) How could you use Pluralism and new technology to challenge de Botton's views on the News?
- It can be argued from a pluralistic perspective that media has become more audience orientated in the sense that we have the ability to express our opinions and that we have some contribution to what news organisations publish. The fact that through things like citizen journalism we bring light to issues that, we, the audience think is important. It gives us some power to influence what major organisations show during news reports. Especially for things like the Grenfell tower incident where people took to social media to express their distaste for how the news was portrayed the death of the victims and to this day the hashtag #GrenfellTower is still being used regularly. This shows the increase of audience involvement. However, the fact that the news are concealing the possible real number of death of the people in the tower could be seen as another way that the news is selecting what to present to the audience which would support the Marxist/hegemonic view.

 4) Choose two news stories from the last six months - one that supports de Botton's views and one that challenges his belief that the News is used for social control. 
Against - http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/42080247/why-celebs-like-rihanna-and-kim-kardashian-are-sharing-the-story-of-cyntoia-brown
For - https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/nov/22/grenfell-tower-death-toll-of-71-unlikely-to-rise-as-last-inquests-open

NDM 18

Katharine Viner: in turbulent times, we need good journalism more than ever

https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/nov/16/katharine-viner-we-need-public-interest-journalism-in-turbulent-digital-age

- The guardian

This article talks about how good journalism in a sense is dying out and that there is a 'march against free speech'. The fact that Facebook has replaced editors with algorithms and accused politicians of constantly undermining journalisms public interest role in democracy. Despite the positive outcomes that the internet has allowed us, it has been also filled with bullies, misogynists and racists that bring a new kind of hysteria to public debate.

• The Guardian is now funded by more than 800,000 supporters from more than 140 countries, and is read by more people than ever before

I agree with the fact that politicians specifically Donald trump has been known to undermine Journalism's public interest role in democracy with him labelling news that go against his views as 'fake news'. This emphasises the effect of new and digital media on traditional journalism as it is being replaced by algorithms that target audiences. which show that specific types of news are tailored to the peoples interests. Therefore, not giving them a variety of different news that showcase a range of different opinions.

NDW 17

BBC quotes apparent parody Twitter account in Zimbabwe coverage

https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/nov/15/bbc-quotes-apparent-parody-twitter-account-zimbabwe-coverage

- The Guardian

The article talks about how the BBC has quoted an apparent parody twitter account when reporting the military takeover in Zimbabwe in the Breaking news alert ands the website. It is unknown who the owner of the account is and caution is urged. BBC World News later apologised for referring to it as an official accounts.

• It has more than 50,000 followers, while an account called @ZANUPF_Official has fewer than 10,000.

This shows the effects that new and digital media has on traditional media in the sense that it is very easy to cite false information. The fact that an unofficial account has so much more followers than the official account emphasises how easy it is for people to believe false information as truthful.

NDM News: Marxism, Pluralism and Hegemony

Bonus reading: Hegemony and the Hunger Games

I've got some slightly off-topic reading to get you started. There is a reference to hegemony in a Guardian article about the last Hunger Games film that could also be linked to feminism (therefore relevant to many of your critical investigations). Read the article on the Hunger Games and at least 15 comments below the line. How does this link to what we've learned about hegemony?
- This article links to the idea of hegemony as it sates that in The Hunger Games 'Hegemony is maintained by giving them(the districts) very little'. This highlights the idea that the ruling class control the lower classes by restricting them. This reinforces the hegemonic ideology because is emphasised the fact that the districts were going along with the fact that they were being controlled by 'the peacekeepers' a form of police state. It is also suggested in their name that they are presenting themselves falsely when in fact they do not necessarily keep the peace but keep control. Katniss Everdeen is considered a role model for disrupting this 'peace' and control. She can be seen as demonstrating the challenging view to this theory, as she doesn't agree the political system. She alone defies the views of the powerful at first and the fact that in the film there is a scene where she is in the arena after the death of Rue she gives the mockingjay sign ad this sparks a small riot in district 11. This shows that Katniss Everdeen challenging the powerful had some effect in encouraging others to also challenge them. However, this riot doesn't last too long and the ruling class soon regain control which highlights that the government still have control of the lower classes.



Main task

Read the Media Magazine article ‘Web 2.0: Participation or Hegemony?'. Go to our archive of Media Magazine issues and click on MM39 - the article you need is on page 58. Answer the following questions:

1) Research the Ian Tomlinson case. What would the traditional, hegemonic view of the police be in a case like this? How did new and digital media create a different story? What does the police officer's subsequent acquittal suggest about the power of new and digital media?
- The traditional hegemonic view would argue that in this case that the police were only doing their job and trying to restrain someone who was out of order. The new and digital media created a different story in the sense that it challenged this hegemonic view an example of this is The Guardian publishing a video of constable Harwood striking Tomlinson on the leg with a baton. The acquittal of the police officer suggest that the power of new and digital media doesn't always lead to the victims to receive justice as despite evidence/explanations that were brought to light, the police officer was simply removed from duty.



2) What does the author argue regarding whether hegemony is being challenged by Web 2.0? 
- The author argues that without Web 2.0 it would've been unlikely that the Tomlinson case would have gone to court. The fact that the Internet has provided us, the audience, with a new way to communicate and express our views within ourselves, thus resulting in us not completely depending on major organisations. However, he also states that this 'we media' alone is not enough to allow 'people power' as governments still exert a large amount of control over the internet.

3) In your opinion, does new and digital media reinforce dominant hegemonic views or give the audience a platform to challenge them?
- In my opinion new and digital media does a bit of both. In the sense that dominant hegemonic views are reinforced by news stories like the recent Paradise papers in which the Ruling class have offshore accounts in order protect their wealth. However, despite such a big leak hasn't seemed to have an effect on those who it concerns, which highlights the fact that we accept that the ruling class are more powerful than others. However, I agree that just like in the article it states that the internet allows us a platform in which we can express our views and begin to challenge the 'ruling classes'. It shows that their has bee a 'shift in the balance'. Regardless of whether it is effective or not it does have an effect. In my opinion I feel like the ruling classes now have to try harder in order to exert their control as spreading information that challenge their views is so much easier through different social media platforms and the fact that things go 'viral' very easily.

4) Do recent world events such as Brexit or Donald Trump's election in the US suggest dominant hegemonic ideologies are being challenged or reinforced? There are arguments for both sides here - explain your opinion and why.

- In my opinion I believe that recent events have not really challenged dominant hegemonic ideologies in the sense that these people are still powerful and as I said before any challenging arguments are in a sense only making it more and more difficult for these powerful figures to exert their control. The fact that Donald trump dismisses any news that goes against him and his views as 'fake news' is an example of the reinforcement of hegemonic ideologies. However, the fact that a large population of people do not agree with him and his views and publicly make it obvious that this is the case shows that there has been a shift in this hegemonic view and that the audience are being encouraged to voice their opinions. 

NDM 16

BBC Radio 1 breakfast show slumps to its smallest audience on record

https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/oct/26/radio-1-breakfast-show-slumps-smallest-audience-record

- The Guardian

The audience for BBC Radio 1’s breakfast show – one of the corporation’s flagship radio programmes – has slumped to the lowest level on record. For the last five years, attracted 5.3 million listeners per week over the age of 10 in the three months to the end of September.
This is the lowest audience for the breakfast show since Rajar began collecting radio data in 1992 and it is also understood to be the lowest since the breakfast show began in 1967, when it was presented by Tony Blackburn.

• The BBC said that Radio 1’s YouTube and Vevo channels now receive an average of 1.6m views a day while its iPlayer channel receives 1.1m views a month.
• the traditional audience for the breakfast show has fallen from 5.7 million in the same three-month period last year and from around 7 million when Grimshaw started presenting it in 2012.

Despite Radio being a platform that can be listened to digitally it is still not as popular as other social media platforms. There are many different ways to stream things now that it isn't surprising that radio is becoming less and less popular.

NDM 15

Why we millennials are happy to be free of social media tyranny

https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/nov/12/millennials-backlash-social-media-facebook-instagram-snapchat

- The Guardian

This article talks about how social media is now becoming less and less needed in the daily lives of young people. Many people including celebrities are going through a 'digital detox'. They explain how social media was almost as addicting as gambling and was a way to keep people hooked. People have understood the strain of mindlessly scrolling through social media accounts and the stress it can bring to someone mentally regardless of how minor it may seem. Some have even taken this opportunity to use social media to help others. These are people who have grown up with this and have realised the effects of social media.

• A study of 5,000 students commissioned by Digital Awareness UK and the Headmasters’ and Headmistresses’ Conference found that 63% said they would not care if social media did not exist
• a whopping 71% had taken a break from social media
• the tech entrepreneur Sean Parker, one of the pioneers of Facebook, admitted the site was designed to keep people hooked in a “social validation feedback loop” that consumes “as much of your time and conscious energy as possible”.

I think that this is true and interesting as we see that we are surrounded by social media constantly and that it would make sense that at some point it would get to a point of repetitiveness and boring content that they would not see the point in using social media daily.

NDM: News: News Values

• Immediacy: has it happened recently?
• Familiarity: is it culturally close to us in Britain?
• Amplitude: is it a big event or one which involves large numbers of people?
• Frequency: does the event happen fairly regularly?
• Unambiguity: is it clear and definite?
• Predictability: did we expect it to happen?
• Surprise: is it a rare or unexpected event?
• Continuity: has this story already been defined as news?
• Elite nations and people: which country has the event happened in? Does the story concern well-known people?
• Negativity: is it bad news?
• Balance: the story may be selected to balance other news, such as a human survival story to balance a number of stories concerning death.

1) Read Media Factsheet 76: News Values and complete the following questions/tasks.

 

2) Come up with a news story from the last 12 months for each of the categories suggested by Harriss, Leiter and Johnson:

• Conflict - Trump believes Putin on Russia meddling, but then backs US agencies
• Progress - Parliament to get binding vote on final Brexit deal
• Disaster - Iran-Iraq earthquake death toll climbs to more than 400
• Consequence - Yellow Pages to stop printing from January 2019
• Prominence - George Takei denies sexually assaulting model in 1981
• Novelty - Meet the millennials who are making a living from livestreaming

3) What example news story does the Factsheet use to illustrate Galtung and Ruge's News Values? Why is it an appropriate example of a news story likely to gain prominent coverage

- The factsheet used a news story 'British servicewoman dies after afghan bomb blast' This is an appropriate news story because it includes proximity as it includes 'British' and then it has intensity as it is a female officer and it is also more unusual. The war in Afghanistan is on-going which involved the news value continuity and these events are not predictable and the facts are clear (clarity). Therefore it is appropriate as it ticks most of the news value boxes which means it will gain prominent coverage

 

4) What is gatekeeping?

- Gatekeeping is the process through which information is filtered for dissemination, whether for publication, broadcasting, the Internet, or some other mode of communication. Individuals can also act as gatekeepers, deciding what information to include in an email or in a blog.

5) What are the six ways bias can be created in news?

- bias is created though:

• selection and omission - whether or not to use a specific story and choosingnot to feature some information
• placement - stories on front page is considered more important than ones on the later pages
• headline - can be misleading in the emotions it is meant to portray
• photos, captions, and camera angles - can make person look bad or good, influences the publics perception of a person or an event.
• use of names and titles - labels and titles to describe events.
• choice of words - influenced by positive or negative words with connotations.

 

6) How have online sources such as Twitter, bloggers or Wikileaks changed the way news is selected and published?

- online sources such as twitter, bloggers or Wikileaks have changed the way news is selected or published as it can be used to help news outlets select the news that they want to focus on as there has been numerous evidence that have been sourced through twitter.

 

7) Give an example of a news story from the last WEEK that was reported as a result of online technology - Twitter, Wikileaks or similar.

-

 

8) Complete the task on the last page of the Factsheet regarding Sky News and Twitter:

• What does this reveal about how Sky views Twitter as a news source? - Since the images came from them first it is used as an authentic source where they have
• What does it say about how news is being produced? - That it is changing in the sense that it is using more UGC
• What role does the audience have in this process? - The audience have a role in this process as they become an important part of the process. This is because they are the ones most likely to provide the evidence through citizen journalism.
• Why might this be a problem for journalistic standards? - This might be a problem for journalistic standards as it doesn't provide a full clear evidence of the story and it may be one sided and therefore it is unclear whether they are giving out the best information they possibly can.

Final tasks

9) In your opinion, how has new and digital media technology changed Galtung and Ruge’s news values? 

- New and digital news has changed news values in the sense that it can be a way to bypass the process as things like blogs don't need to consider or think about what they post to an extent in the sense that the amount of people that view authentic news sources do not view the niche blogs.

 

10) How would you update them for 2016? Choose SIX of Galtung and Ruge's news values and say how each one has been affected by the growth of new and digital technology.

Immediacy: this has been affected in the sense that news is becoming even more immediate and quick to access. Through sources like online social media. We can access news with a click of a button or through an app.
Amplitude: Events are now much more larger than they may seem as people form around the world are more likely to see it which allows a larger audience to give their opinion through different platforms.
Unambiguity: there is less ambiguity as there is an increase in UGC as you are able to see what happens in the events that are being broadcasted and not completely relying on what the journalist are saying after the events have taken place.
Surprise: When news is rare then there is more of a buzz and this is affected by new and digital media as social media platforms like twitter will generate awareness to that event by using hashtags.
Continuity: It is much more easier for us to keep up to date with news that we have been following for a while. There are also an increase in continuity as audiences are more interested in knowing what happens next.

Negativity: There has been an increase in negative news which could be due to the fact that audiences are unsatisfied with what is going on around them and the world that it is shown through what is being broadcasted on the news.

NDM 14

Cambridge student accuses Telegraph of inciting hatred in books row

https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/oct/26/cambridge-student-accuses-telegraph-of-inciting-hatred-in-books-row

- The guardian

This article talks about how a Cambridge student's open letter to the English department was twisted in a way to incite hate - racist and sexist abuse - for criticising the lack of black and ethnic minority authors on the university English course. Telegraph used the students picture on their front page which resulted in their social media and emails to then be flooded wit hate comments that were also factually inaccurate.

She believes the they did this on purpose with the intent of inciting hatred and a target for the audience to attack.

I think this is important in showing how hate can be spread very easily but also how quickly the issue can be resolved or brought to light. Not only that but such methods brings light to other issues that are important to quite a majority of people who are trying to get their views heard. How people take in that information can cause problems  as misconstruing information in the slightest can then change the initial meaning.

NDM 13

So Generation Mute doesn’t like phone calls. Good. Who wants to talk, anyway?

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/07/generation-mute-phone-call-instant-messaging

- The Guardian

This article talks about how the rise in technology has seen a decrease in some of its features such as phone calls specifically.

•  Without us really noticing it, the phone call has been slowly fading out over the past few years, and a new survey by Ofcom shows that only 15% of 16 to 24-year-olds consider it the most important method of communication, compared with 36% who prefer instant messaging.
• A 2016 study showed that 49% of teenagers happily admitted that they would text or instant message someone when they were in the same room

I think that this is interesting in the sense that which the introduction to new technology. it has already taken away the interest of people having face to face conversation as having a conversation over the phone is much more easier and more simple. However, this shows that even that becomes outdated and now even interacting through phone calls have become less popular and now people prefer texting instead. Which shows how the world is changing and how social interaction is becoming less and less of real and more virtual.

NDM News: Citizen journalism and hyper-reality

Citizen journalism and UGC (user-generated content)

1) Read the article from Media Magazine: The Rise and Rise of UGC (Dec 2009). Use our Media Magazine archive, click on MM30 and go to page 55.

3) What is meant by the term ‘citizen journalist’?
- Citizen journalism refers to the collection, dissemination, and analysis of news and information by the general public, especially by means of the Internet.

4) What was one of the first examples of news being generated by ‘ordinary people’?
- the first time we saw examples of citizen journalism was by an onlooker from his apartment where they recorded the police beating and tasering Rodney King after a high speed chase. 

5) List some of the formats for participation that are now offered by news organisations.
- Message boards
- Q&A
- Polls
- Have your says
- Chat rooms
- Blogs with comments

6) What is one of the main differences between professionally shot footage and that taken first-hand (UGC)?
- The first-hand UGC is usually more hard-hitting and emotive. The fact that the footage is very raw and in the moment adds to that effect. Also, it is one of the first footage/evidence that is scene of real events that are then shown on the news. Which, then allows a sense of immediacy as it lets people who are around the area know of what is going on as soon as possible and in such circumstances to the Asian Tsunami on December 26th 2004.

7) What is a gatekeeper?
- Gatekeeping is the process through which information is filtered for dissemination, whether for publication, broadcasting, the Internet, or some other mode of communication.

8) How has the role of a gatekeeper changed?
- The role of gatekeepers have changed as individuals can also act as gatekeepers, deciding what information to include in an email or in a blog. This allows opportunity for independent news to reach a niche but wide audience that often do not reach the news. This unites people in micro-communities which is a strength of the web.

9) What is one of the primary concerns held by journalists over the rise of UGC?
- The rise in UGC has held concerns by Journalist due to the fact that this increase may lead to them losing their jobs. Since what we see on the news is increasingly becoming sourced from the audience, which would lead to people losing their jobs and news organisations will focus on 'crowd sourcing' in order to gather their information. Its also now become evident that news can be first heard through these UGC that have been spread through social media which then encourages the news organisations to then follow up on it. However this also raises concerns of the fact that this could lead to people sending in a lot of useless things that would take time to sort through all the negativity and biased information.

10) Offer your own opinion (critical autonomy) on the following:
- I believe that new/digital media is impacting news stories in the sense that it is becoming more based on what the audience is focusing on and what they bring to the table in a sense through UGC especially. What I have noticed over the years is that there has been an increase in the usage of UGC with major news organisations as it allows the views to really feel the reality and gravity of a situation first hand. I feel like with this uproar of audience bringing attention to one specific information makes news organisations consider other stories that they could talk about that they may not have considered before. Also the role of professionals have been impacted as UGC has allowed the audiences to get more involved and therefore professional journalism is becoming less and less important and underappreciated.

Hyper-reality and the digital renaissance

1) Read the article from Media Magazine: Hyper-reality and the digital renaissance (Dec 2009). Use our Media Magazine archive, click on MM30 and go to page 59.

3) The article was written in 2009. Offer three examples of more recent social networking sites or uses of technology that support the idea of a 'digital renaissance'.
Twitter
-When something new happens twitter is usually the first to be informed and there is always a hashtag that is used to spread the news and may or may not end up in the trending page depending on how popular the news is
Snapchat
- The majority of the UGC content nowadays is often seen on phones and snapchat is also a part of that. being a good source for people to spread short clips of different kinds of events.
Instagram
- When news gets popular it gets spread really quickly through friends and families, also popular pages that are targeted to a certain demographic.

4) How do live streaming services such as Periscope or Facebook Live fit into the idea of a 'digital renaissance'? Are these a force for good or simply a further blurring of reality?
- Live streaming services such as periscope or Facebook live fit the idea of 'digital renaissance' as a force for good as it allows audiences to see what is going on around the world at the same time as the person who is experiencing it first hand. This can serve as a positive for many as it keeps them updated and involved.

5) How can we link the 'digital renaissance' to our case study on news? Is citizen journalism a further example of hyper-reality or is it actually making news more accurate and closer to real life?
- I think you can like this to our case studies on news as it involves the change in social media and how it has changed how we perceive it. This can be closely linked to citizen journalism as UGC has allowed us to view news in a new light. It allows news to be more accurate to the extent of it being raw material that is seen from in the moment of the events. However it could serve as a hyper reality in the sense that we are not seeing all of what is recorded and just a small portion so whatever else is happening in the moment that may be significant in the story may lead to news organisations to unintentionally make a biased report as they are only seeing one side of the story.

NDM News: The future of journalism

Blog tasks

 Go to the Nieman Lab webpage (part of Harvard university) and watch the video of Clay Shirky presenting to Harvard students. 
Play the clip AND read along with the transcript below to ensure you are following the argument. You need to watch from the beginning to 29.35 (the end of Shirky's presentation).



1) Why does Clay Shirky argue that 'accountability journalism' is so important and what example does he give of this?
- Clay Shirky believes that accountability journalism is important because it is the main thing that provides quality news. An example he gives is the two part series news The Globe published of the upcoming trail of Father John Geoghan, the priest pedophile. The fact that these reporters invested a lot of time into producing this story is what is important about journalism(investigative journalism)

2) What does Shirky say about the relationship between newspapers and advertisers? Which websites does he mention as having replaced major revenue-generators for newspapers (e.g. jobs, personal ads etc.)?
- There is a relationship between newspapers and advertisers in the sense that it was an accident to pair profit with producing public value. however, commercial structures of the newspaper is not enough for newspapers to run to change the current threat. What kept the newspaper industry from plummeting was their ability to control advertisers in the sense that if they didn't agree they would not have anywhere else to go to publish their ads. However, now its all about demand rather than supply, therefore there has been a shift in this power. Websites that have shown to replace major revenues-generators for newspapers include Monstor Match and Craiglist.

3) Shirky talks about the 'unbundling of content'. This means people are reading newspapers in a different way. How does he suggest audiences are consuming news stories in the digital age?
- He suggests that audiences are now receiving news differently in the sense that with the times for example they are losing readers daily and this is due to the fact that the audiences are not looking to read stories for themselves but instead they are reading it through others who have shared it through twitter or have emailed it to them. Therefore highlighting the fact that reversing revenue trends wont make a change to overpaying, underserving and incoherence of the print bundle in a web bundle. 

 4) Shirky also talks about the power of shareable media. How does he suggest the child abuse scandal with the Catholic Church may have been different if the internet had been widespread in 1992?
- He mentions the fact that The Globe did not have a worldwide audience and that they were created by the initial audience. The Catholic Church scandal was shared by that initial audience and that kept increasing and increasing until it reached a worldwide audience. "The audience created the public." This suggests that had the internet been widespread in 1992 then the spread of the news would have probably been shared with millions and millions most probably 3X quicker than it was without it.


5) Why does Shirky argue against paywalls? 
- Shirky argues against the paywall because its a violation of contract to make use of the news. he believes that paying for what is considered a public good is wrong.

6) What is a 'social good'? In what way is journalism a 'social good'?
- A social good is a service that benefits the largest number of people in the largest possible way. Journalism is considered a social good because it does just that and reaches a large audience. They provide quality news for the audience and it is a way for them to keep informed and up to date with the important things that are going on around them.

7) Shirky says newspapers are in terminal decline. How does he suggest we can replace the important role in society newspapers play? What is the short-term danger to this solution that he describes?
- Shirky is firm in his belief that newspapers are irreplaceable when it comes to the production of accountability journalism and that “We should expend any effort or resources we can to keep ourselves from having to replace them.” He suggests that we should spend our time trying to transfer production into multiple yet smaller bundles of accountability journalism. However, with that the short term danger that could occur is not knowing whether or not which experiments will work out.

8) Look at the first question and answer regarding institutional power. Give us your own opinion: how important is it that major media brands such as the New York Times or the Guardian continue to stay in business and provide news?
- In my opinion I think it is important for major media brands such as New York Times or the Guardian to continue to stay in business and provide news as they have the power and the ability to produce quality accountability journalism that will benefit everyone as a form of social good. This is necessary for the audience to have access to this source.